说明:
本文首发于 CSDN,转载请保留链接。
前言
之前写过一篇Turtlebot下的开机自启动设置,这几天由于项目原因重新整理下,虽然已经有过先例,但是还是碰到了不少错误(keng),前一篇写的是rc.local方式写入制成自启动脚本,现在换一种方式,改用启动内置控制台终端tty形式作为自启动设置,适用于桌面。
开机启动方式很多,不唯一,我所知道的是:
- rc.local开启启动
- linux内置服务启动,包括上一篇的ROS的upstart包。
- 内置控制台终端启动tty
- 开机界面后启动终端,例如Startup Application.等等
下面以项目为例讲述开机启动,rc.local就不在赘述了,目前两个功能进行实现,一种是开启自启动地图创建程序,另一种是开机自启动跟随脚本,两个脚本还是和之前一样,所有的节点全部都在一个脚本中。
原本觉得很容易,结果很悲剧的我想当然了,尤其是地图创建程序,涉及到两台电脑通信,如果把两个脚本(minimal和gmapping_demo)合并的话,就可以发现,程序挂起成功,在进程中可以看到,但是,没法用另外一台电脑查看,也就是说,另一台电脑和turtlebot上电脑没有master通信,不用怀疑,ROS的系统变量是正确的,并且两台电脑是同一网段,就是没有办法用另一台电脑使用rosnode list来查看turtlebot上电脑的节点。如果有知道原因的还请告知,个人理解应该是gmapping的代码导致master外部通信阻塞缘故。
好,言归正转,地图创建自启动程序分开运行,原因如上,也就是说分别开两个终端运行minimal和gmapping。如下
内置控制台终端tty自启动
这个方式只对gmapping使用就可以了,其他都是正常的,因为没有把脚本分开,所以使用两个tty控制台。
首先打开终端,输入如下命令:
$ sudo vi /etc/init/tty1.config
整个文件如下,修改部分请对照好。
# tty1 - getty
#
# This service maintains a getty on tty1 from the point the system is
# started until it is shut down again.
start on stopped rc RUNLEVEL=[2345] and (
not-container or
container CONTAINER=lxc or
container CONTAINER=lxc-libvirt)
stop on runlevel [!2345]
respawn
exec /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty1
exec /sbin/mingetty --autologin ubuntu tty1
同样的保存退出后,修改另一个终端,输入如下命令:
$ sudo vi /etc/init/tty2.config
内容如下:
# tty2 - getty
#
# This service maintains a getty on tty2 from the point the system is
# started until it is shut down again.
start on runlevel [23] and (
not-container or
container CONTAINER=lxc or
container CONTAINER=lxc-libvirt)
stop on runlevel [!23]
respawn
exec /sbin/getty -8 38400 tty2
exec /sbin/mingetty --autologin ubuntu tty2
随后修改登陆命令,改成不需要密码登陆,输入
$ sudo vi /etc/sudoers
全部文本如下:
#
# This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.
#
# Please consider adding local content in /etc/sudoers.d/ instead of
# directly modifying this file.
#
# See the man page for details on how to write a sudoers file.
#
Defaults env_reset
Defaults mail_badpass
Defaults secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
# Host alias specification
# User alias specification
# Cmnd alias specification
# User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
# Members of the admin group may gain root privileges
%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL
# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command
%sudo ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
# See sudoers(5) for more information on "#include" directives:
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d
ubuntu ALL=NOPASSWD:ALL
最后修改~/.bashrc文件,在最后添加:
$ gedit ~/.bashrc
添加:
##auto start
Terminal=`tty`
case $Terminal in
"/dev/tty1") roslaunch turtlebot_bringup minimal.launch;; #在tty1 启动minimal
"/dev/tty2") sleep 10;roslaunch turtlebot_navigation gmapping_demo.launch;; #等待10秒后,在tty2启动地图创建
esac
测试
在开始测试之前,首先确保你的bashrc文件中,修改正确了ROS_HOSTNAME和ROS_IP以及ROS_MASTER_URI的值,并且和另一台测试电脑在同一网段。
turtlebot电脑运行成功提示,假设当前ip为192.168.0.100,另一台测试电脑ip为192.168.0.101,配置如下:
turtlebot电脑的.bashrc中,应该有
export ROS_HOSTNAME=192.168.0.100
export ROS_IP=192.168.0.100
export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://192.168.0.100:11311
测试电脑.bashrc,也应该有
export ROS_HOSTNAME=192.168.0.101
export ROS_IP=192.168.0.101
export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://192.168.0.100:11311
重新启动turtlebot电脑,等待完成后,使用另一台电脑测试,运行
roslaunch turtlebot_rviz_launchers view_navigation.launch
就可以在viz中看到当前地图创建情况,控制运行:
roslaunch turtlebot_teleop keyboard_teleop.launch
地图创建自启动完成。
其他方式自启动
Startup Applications
只讲述linux应用设置,关于ROS包,教程太多就不说了,最简单的自启动方式就是在桌面上,按下“开始”键位,在弹出的搜索框中输入“Startup Applications”,应用弹出后,选择Add,然后在command行中输入:/usr/bin/gnome-terminal -x /home/ubuntu/aotu_runing/minimal_follower.sh即可。
minimal_follower.sh内容如下:
#! /bin/bash
if test -z "$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" ; then
## if not found, launch a new one
eval `dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session`
echo "D-Bus per-session daemon address is: $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS"
fi
d="$(date +%Y%m%d-%H:%M:%S)"
echo "[$d]:source opt " > /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
source /opt/ros/indigo/setup.bash
echo "[$d]:source bashrc " >> /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
source /home/ubuntu/.bashrc
echo "[$d]:source catkin_ws " >> /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
source /home/$USER/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash
export TURTLEBOT_BASE=kobuki
export TURTLEBOT_3D_SENSOR=astra
export ROS_HOSTNAME=localhost
export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://localhost:1311
echo "[$d]:source catkin_ws again " >> /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
source /home/$USER/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash
echo "[$d]:minimal runing " > /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
roslaunch roch_bringup minimal_follower.launch >> /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
echo "[$d]:minimal runing successfully. " >> /home/$USER/aotu_runing/print_log.txt
最终这个脚本启动的是turtlebot_bringup下的 minimal_follower.launch,minimal_follower.launch内容如下:
<launch>
<!-- TURTLEBOT Configure -->
<arg name="base" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_BASE)" doc="mobile base type [TURTLEBOT]"/>
<arg name="stacks" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_STACKS)" doc="stack type displayed in visualisation/simulation [standard]"/>
<arg name="3d_sensor" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_3D_SENSOR)" doc="3d sensor types [kinect, asus_xtion_pro, r200]"/>
<arg name="serialport" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_SERIAL_PORT)" doc="used by create to configure the port it is connected on [/dev/ttyUSB0, /dev/ttyS0]"/>
<arg name="simulation" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_SIMULATION)" doc="set flags to indicate this turtle is run in simulation mode."/>
<arg name="robot_name" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_NAME)" doc="used as a unique identifier and occasionally to preconfigure root namespaces, gateway/zeroconf ids etc."/>
<arg name="robot_type" default="$(env TURTLEBOT_TYPE)" doc="just in case you are considering a 'variant' and want to make use of this."/>
<param name ="/use_sim_time" value="$(arg simulation)"/>
<!-- Load robot model -->
<include file="$(find turtlebot_bringup)/launch/includes/robot.launch.xml">
<arg name="base" value="$(arg base)" />
<arg name="stacks" value="$(arg stacks)" />
<arg name="3d_sensor" value="$(arg 3d_sensor)" />
</include>
<!-- Load robot base-->
<include file="$(find turtlebot_bringup)/launch/includes/mobile_base.launch.xml">
<arg name="base" value="$(arg base)" />
<arg name="serialport" value="$(arg serialport)" />
</include>
<group unless="$(arg simulation)"> <!-- Real robot -->
<include file="$(find turtlebot_follower)/launch/includes/velocity_smoother.launch.xml">
<arg name="nodelet_manager" value="/mobile_base_nodelet_manager"/>
<arg name="navigation_topic" value="twist_mux/input/navi"/>
</include>
<include file="$(find turtlebot_bringup)/launch/sensor.launch">
<arg name="rgb_processing" value="true"/> <!-- only required if we use android client -->
<arg name="depth_processing" value="true"/>
<arg name="depth_registered_processing" value="false"/>
<arg name="depth_registration" value="false"/>
<arg name="disparity_processing" value="false"/>
<arg name="disparity_registered_processing" value="false"/>
</include>
</group>
<group if="$(arg simulation)">
<!-- Load nodelet manager for compatibility -->
<node pkg="nodelet" type="nodelet" ns="camera" name="camera_nodelet_manager" args="manager"/>
<include file="$(find turtlebot_follower)/launch/includes/velocity_smoother.launch.xml">
<arg name="nodelet_manager" value="camera/camera_nodelet_manager"/>
<arg name="navigation_topic" value="/twist/input/navi"/>
</include>
</group>
<param name="camera/rgb/image_color/compressed/jpeg_quality" value="22"/>
<!-- Make a slower camera feed available; only required if we use android client -->
<node pkg="topic_tools" type="throttle" name="camera_throttle"
args="messages camera/rgb/image_color/compressed 5"/>
<!-- Real robot: Load turtlebot follower into the sensors nodelet manager to avoid pointcloud serializing -->
<!-- Simulation: Load turtlebot follower into nodelet manager for compatibility -->
<node pkg="nodelet" type="nodelet" name="turtlebot_follower"
args="load turtlebot_follower/TurtlebotFollower camera/camera_nodelet_manager">
<remap from="turtlebot_follower/cmd_vel" to="follower_velocity_smoother/raw_cmd_vel"/>
<remap from="depth/points" to="camera/depth/points"/>
<remap from="depth/image_rect" to="/camera/depth/image_rect"/>
<param name="enabled" value="true" />
<param name="x_scale" value="7.0" />
<param name="z_scale" value="2.0" />
<param name="min_x" value="-0.35" />
<param name="max_x" value="0.35" />
<param name="min_y" value="0.1" />
<param name="max_y" value="0.5" />
<param name="max_z" value="1.2" />
<param name="goal_z" value="0.6" />
</node>
<!-- Launch the script which will toggle turtlebot following on and off based on a joystick button. default: on -->
<node name="switch" pkg="turtlebot_follower" type="switch.py"/>
</launch>
使用桌面程序弊端在于修改的话需要重新连接显示屏,比较麻烦,不过不长改。
注意:$USER千万不要用在/etc/rc.local下,否则会造成rc.local自启动不成功,没有反应,这一点坑了我很长时间。
如果启动后,无法跟随,说明astra没有启动成功,可以在/var/log/apport.log中看到输出消息,解决办法就是在脚本中添加:
if test -z "$DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS" ; then
## if not found, launch a new one
eval `dbus-launch --sh-syntax --exit-with-session`
echo "D-Bus per-session daemon address is: $DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS"
fi
就可以。
robot_upstart 网络
配置
今天使用前几个方式在笔记本上进行自启动不成功,原因应该在于网络,节点/话题什么都有,但是无法使用rosnode list,因此,使用了robot_upstart来尝试,首先安装robot_upstart包,安装步骤比较简单:
$ sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-robot-upstart
安装完成后,大家可以查看使用文档来进行使用,方式也比较简单,不过是单一launch启动,由于clearpath的机器人譬如husky只提供了底盘启动的缘故,不过大家可以将多个launch合并为一个来进行启动,启动方式也比较简单,首先,安装需要自启动的launch文件,使用方式如下:
$ rosrun robot_upstart install myrobot_bringup/launch/base.launch
其中myrobot_bringup是要启动launch文件所在的包,base.launch是要启动的launch文件,只需要提供包到launch文件路径即可。需要注意的是,运行这个命令需要在sudo root权限下,这个步骤将写到系统中。
安装launch文件完成后,将提示有很多文件被放到了系统中,如下输出:
Preparing to install files to the following paths:
/etc/init/turtlebot.conf
/etc/ros/indigo/turtlebot.d/.installed_files
/etc/ros/indigo/turtlebot.d/minimal.launch
/usr/sbin/turtlebot-start
/usr/sbin/turtlebot-stop
Now calling: /usr/bin/sudo /opt/ros/indigo/lib/robot_upstart/mutate_files
Filesystem operation succeeded.
现在启动服务的话,只是单机模式,即ROS_HOSTNAME/ROS_IP/ROS_MASTER_URI都是localhost,如果想要另外一个同一网段的计算机查看当前计算机的node/topic时,就需要对脚本进行修改,重要的脚本为 /usr/sbin/turtlebot-start,将该脚本中的
28 export ROS_HOSTNAME=$(hostname)
30 export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://127.0.0.1:11311
修改为当前电脑局域网内的IP,比如我的为192.168.0.106,最好将上面的注释掉,重新书写一遍:
28 export ROS_HOSTNAME=192.168.0.106
30 export ROS_MASTER_URI=http://192.168.0.106:11311
现在运行服务,运行操作共有如下:
$ sudo service myrobot start #启动脚本服务
$ sudo service myrobot stop #停止脚本服务
$ sudo service myrobot restart #重启脚本服务
其中myrobot为安装launch文件中提示的,比如我的为turtlebot,查看/usr/sbin/turtlebot-start名字可以知道。启动完成后,在本地运行终端:
$ rostopic list
将会有输出,也可以在同一网段内的电脑上,配置好网络后,运行
$ rostopic list
也可以得到输出。服务输出日志文件为/var/log/upstart/myrobot.log,其中myrobot在我的电脑上为turtlebot.log。如果运行服务后没有输出,可以查看这个文件进行调试。
卸载
卸载命令如下
rosrun robot_upstart uninstall [-h] [--rosdistro DISTRO] JOBNAME
其中,JOBNAME是要卸载的脚本,比如我的是turtlebot,DISTRO为指定ROS版本,存在多个脚本时需要用到,比如:
rosrun robot_upstart uninstall turtlebot